What is political science

Here are the answers to the questions: Q.1. What is Political Science? _Definition_: Political Science is the systematic study of government, politics, and public policies. _Scope_: Political Science encompasses various subfields, including: + Political Theory + Comparative Politics + International Relations + Political Economy + Public Administration + Political Sociology Q.2. Essential Elements of State and Difference between State and Government _Essential Elements of State_: + Population + Territory + Sovereignty + Government _Difference between State and Government_: + State refers to the political entity as a whole, while Government refers to the machinery that exercises authority and control over the state. Q.3. Definition of Law and Western or Islamic Source of Law _Definition of Law_: Law refers to the body of rules and regulations that govern human behavior and are enforced by the state. _Western or Islamic Source of Law_: + Western source: Secular laws based on reason, precedent, and legislation. + Islamic source: Shariah law based on the Quran, Hadith, and Islamic jurisprudence. Q.4. Liberty and Safeguard of Liberty _Definition of Liberty_: Liberty refers to the freedom of individuals to act and think without external constraints. _Safeguard of Liberty_: + Constitutional protections + Separation of powers + Independent judiciary + Free press and media Q.5. Unitary Form of Government _Definition_: A unitary form of government is one in which the central government holds supreme authority and power. _Merits_: + Efficiency + Stability + National unity _Demerits_: + Lack of regional autonomy + Centralization of power + Potential for authoritarianism Q.6. Theory of Separation of Powers and Check and Balance _Separation of Powers_: Division of power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. _Check and Balance_: System of limits and controls on each branch to prevent abuse of power. Q.7. Importance and Functions of Judiciary in Modern Democratic State _Importance_: + Protector of individual rights + Interpreter of the constitution + Guardian of the rule of law _Functions_: + Adjudication + Judicial review + Dispute resolution Q.8. Capitalism with its Characteristics and Merits and Demerits _Definition_: Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership, profit motive, and market forces. _Characteristics_: + Private property + Profit motive + Market forces + Free enterprise _Merits_: + Economic growth + Innovation + Efficiency _Demerits_: + Income inequality + Exploitation + Market failures Q.9. Political Parties and Interest Groups _Political Parties_: Organizations that seek to gain political power through elections. _Interest Groups_: Organizations that seek to influence public policy without seeking political power. _Role of Interest Groups_: + Representation of special interests + Lobbying + Public education Q.10. Short Notes on Political Science and History, Social Contract Theory, and Welfare State _Political Science and History_: Political Science studies the present and past political systems, while History studies the past events and processes. _Social Contract Theory_: The idea that the state is based on a voluntary agreement among individuals to submit to a common authority. _Welfare State_: A state that provides a wide range of social services and benefits to its citizens, such as healthcare, education, and social security.